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مسار الصفحة الحالية:

decline ensued, and with it a decline in Egyptian culture.

Egypt became a British protectorate in 1914

and received nominal independence in 1922, when a

constitutional monarchy was established. A coup

overthrew the monarchy in 1952, with Gamal Abdel

Nasser taking power. Following three wars with Israel,

Egypt, under Nasser’s successor,

Location:

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula

Area:

total: 1,001,450 sq km

Climate:

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

Population:

78,866,635 (July 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 16

Ethnic groups:

Egyptian 99.6%, other 0.4% (2006 census)

Religions:

Muslim (mostly Sunni) 90%, Coptic 9%, other Christian 1%

Languages:

Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes

Government type:

republic

Capital:

name: Cairo

Administrative divisions:

26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah (El Beheira), Al Fayyum (El Faiyum), Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah (El Monofia), Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf (Beni Suef), Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh (Western Desert), Qina (Qena), Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj (Sohag)

National holiday:

Revolution Day, 23 July (1952

ـ[بَحْرُ الرَّمَل]ــــــــ[02 - 11 - 2010, 01:41 م]ـ

IRAQ

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/flags/large/iz-lgflag.gif (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/flagtemplate_iz.html)

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/newmaps/iz-map.gif (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/maptemplate_iz.html)

Background

Called Mesopotamia in Classical times, the region

gave rise to the world’s earliest civilizations, including

those of Sumer, Akkad, and Babylon. invaded by

Alexander the Great in 330 BC, the area later became

a battleground between Romans and Parthians and

then between Sasanians and Byzantines. Arab Muslims

conquered it in the 7th century AD and ruled until

the Mongols took over in 1258. The Ottomans took

control in the 16th century and ruled until 1917. The

British occupied the country during World War I and

created the kingdom of Iraq in 1921. The British occupied

Iraq again during World War II. A king was restored

following the war, but a revolution ended the

monarchy in 1958. Following a series of military

coups. The Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s and the Persian

Gulf War (precipitated by the Iraqi invasion of

Kuwait in 1990) brought heavy casualties and disrupted

the economy. The 1990s were dominated by

economic and political turmoil. In response to

the contention that Iraq was in possession of

weapons of mass destruction (none were ever

found), on 19 Mar 2003 air attacks on Baghdad

began, and soon afterward US and British ground

forces invaded southern Iraq from Kuwait; within a

month most of the country was under the control of

coalition forces. Saddam was taken into custody in

December. In July 2003 US authorities established

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