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مسار الصفحة الحالية:

ـ[بَحْرُ الرَّمَل]ــــــــ[02 - 11 - 2010, 02:00 م]ـ

MOROCCO

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Background

The Berbers entered Morocco near the end of the

2nd millennium BC. Phoenicians established trading

posts along the Mediterranean during the 12th century

BC, and Carthage had settlements along the Atlantic

in the 5th century BC. After the fall of Carthage,

Morocco became a loyal ally of Rome, and in AD 42 it

was annexed by Rome as part of the province of Mauretania.

It was conquered by Muslims in the 7th century.

Beginning in the mid-11th century, the Almoravids,

Almohads, and Marinids ruled successively. After the

fall of the Marinids in the mid-15th century, the

SaAdis ruled for a century beginning in 1550. The

French fought Morocco over the Algerian boundary in

the 1840s, and the Spanish seized part of Moroccan

territory in 1859. It was a French protectorate from

1912 until its independence in 1956. In the mid-

1970s it reasserted claim to the Western Sahara,

and in 1976 Spanish troops withdrew from the region,

leaving behind the Algerian-supported Saharan

guerrillas of the Polisario movement. Relations with

Mauritania and Algeria deteriorated, and fighting

over the region continued. Attempts at mediation

have repeatedly been made by the international community.

Location:

Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara

Area:

total: 446,550 sq km

Climate:

Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Natural resources:

phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt

Population:

31,285,174 (July 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 38

Ethnic groups:

Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Religions:

Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%

Languages:

Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy

Government type:

constitutional monarchy

Capital:

name: Rabat

Administrative divisions:

15 regions; Grand Casablanca, Chaouia-Ouardigha, Doukkala-Abda, Fes-Boulemane, Gharb-Chrarda-Beni Hssen, Guelmim-Es Smara, Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra, Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz, Meknes-Tafilalet, Oriental, Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer, Souss-Massa-Draa, Tadla-Azilal, Tanger-Tetouan, Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate

National holiday:

Throne Day (accession of King MOHAMMED VI to the throne), 30 July (1999)

ـ[بَحْرُ الرَّمَل]ــــــــ[02 - 11 - 2010, 02:03 م]ـ

OMAN

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Background

Oman has been inhabited for at least 10,000 years.

Arabs began migrating there in the 9th century BC.

Tribal warfare was endemic until the conversion to

Islam in the 7th century AD. It was ruled by Ibadi

imams until 1154, when a royal dynasty was established.

The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas

from about 1507 to 1650, when they were expelled.

The Al Bu SaAid dynasty, founded in the mid-18th century,

still rules Oman. Oil was discovered in 1964. In

1970 the sultan was deposed by his son, who began

a policy of modernization, and under him the country

joined the Arab League and the UN. In the Persian

Gulf War, Oman cooperated with the allied forces

against Iraq. In the 1990s it continued to expand its

foreign relations.

Location:

Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf, between Yemen and UAE

Area:

total: 309,500 sq km

Climate:

dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Natural resources:

petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas

Population:

3,418,085

country comparison to the world: 133

Ethnic groups:

Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi), African

Religions:

Ibadhi Muslim 75%, other (includes Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim, Hindu) 25%

Languages:

Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Government type:

monarchy

Capital:

name: Muscat

Administrative divisions:

5 regions (manatiq, singular - mintaqat) and 4 governorates* (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat) Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Batinah, Al Buraymi*, Al Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah, Az Zahirah, Masqat (Muscat)*, Musandam*, Zufar (Dhofar)*

National holiday:

Birthday of Sultan QABOOS, 18 November (1940)

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