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ـ[بَحْرُ الرَّمَل]ــــــــ[03 - 11 - 2010, 12:28 م]ـ

DJIBOUTI

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Background

Settled around the 3rd century BC by the Arab ancestors

of the Afars, Djibouti was later populated by Somali

Issas. In AD 825 Islam was brought to the area by

missionaries. Arabs controlled the trade in this region

until the 16th century; it became the French protectorate

of French Somaliland in 1888. In 1946 it became

a French overseas territory, and in 1977 it

gained its independence. In the late 20th century, the

country received refugees from the Ethiopian-Somali

war and from civil conflicts in Eritrea. In the 1990s it

suffered from political unrest.

Location:

Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, between Eritrea and Somalia

Area:

total: 23,200 sq km

Climate:

desert; torrid, dry

Natural resources:

geothermal areas, gold, clay, granite, limestone, marble, salt, diatomite, gypsum, pumice, petroleum

Population:

724,622 (July 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 163

Ethnic groups:

Somali 60%, Afar 35%, other 5% (includes French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian)

Religions:

Muslim 94%, Christian 6%

Languages:

French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar

Government type:

republic

Capital:

name: Djibouti

Administrative divisions:

6 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); Ali Sabieh, Arta, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjourah

National holiday:

Independence Day, 27 June (1977)

ـ[بَحْرُ الرَّمَل]ــــــــ[03 - 11 - 2010, 12:30 م]ـ

SOMALIA

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Background

Muslim Arabs and Persians first established trading

posts along the coasts of Somalia in the 7th–10th

centuries. By the 10th century Somali nomads occupied

the area inland from the Gulf of Aden, and

the south and west were inhabited by various groups

of pastoral Oromo peoples. Intensive European exploration

began after the British occupation of Aden

in 1839, and in the late 19th century Britain and

Italy set up protectorates in the region. During World

War II the Italians invaded British Somaliland

(1940); a year later British troops retook the area,

and Britain administered the region until 1950,

when Italian Somaliland became a UN trust territory.

In 1960 it was united with the former British Somaliland,

and the two became the independent Republic

of Somalia. Since then it has suffered political

and civil strife, including military dictatorship, civil

war, drought, and famine. No effective central government

has existed since the early 1990s. In 1991

a proclamation of a Republic of Somaliland, on territory

corresponding to the former British Somaliland,

was issued by a breakaway group, but it did not receive

international recognition. A multinational force

intervened from 1992 to 1994 in an unsuccessful

attempt to stabilize the region. The country remained

in turmoil.

Location:

Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia

Area:

total: 637,657 sq km

Climate:

principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

Natural resources:

uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves

Population:

9,832,017

country comparison to the world: 83

Ethnic groups:

Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs 30,000)

Religions:

Sunni Muslim

Languages:

Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

Capital:

name: Mogadishu

Administrative divisions:

18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed

National holiday:

Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960); note - 26 June (1960) in Somaliland

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